In the 1870s, therefore, George Taubman Goldie began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. Britain also annexed Freetown in Sierra Leone, declaring it a Crown Colony in 1808.[20]. [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. In 1890, a group of adventurers known as the Pioneer Column, sponsored by South African-based British arch-imperialist Cecil John Rhodes, occupied Zimbabwe and claimed the country for the British. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. Rivalry between the Royal Niger Company and the Lagos Protectorate over the boundary between the emirate of Ilorin and the empire of Ibadan was resolved with the abrogation of the charter of the Royal Niger Company on January 1, 1900, in return for wide mineral concessions. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. With these events, the daily routines of the royal court were . The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. They, in turn, have by defeat lost their rule which has come into the hands of the British. He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by formerly enslaved African Americans) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control . However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. British Colonize Nigeria Essay - 979 Words | Bartleby The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. british empire - What were the main causes of successful take over of The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. Final Conquest Verse By Verse Study of The Book Revelation DVD Robert Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south. The Factors That Led to the Colonization of Africa by the Europeans The supply of precious metals was finite, and monarchs hoped to find large deposits of gold and silver in the Americas. The first known encounter between the British and the people of the region of modern-day Nigeria was on April 1, 1600, when English sailors landed on the Niger River near Katsina, the largest city in northern Nigeria. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. 1. As a practice, colonialism is traced to the1854 and 1855 conference at Berlin in Germany. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. [32], In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the Maria Theresa dollar, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the pound sterling. Imperialism and the Conquest and Colonization of Africa by Europeans Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. It is still felt 56 years after it was officially announced death. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. Nigeria: A Country Study. Crowther was succeeded as bishop by a British cleric. Squaring the ledger Britain's rule in Nigeria | Financial Times The influence of Christianity and the establishment of schools made the nationalists realize that after all God created everyman equal . As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". The British Conquest of Nigeria From about the mid nineteenth century, the British began to alter the nature of their relationship between themselves and Nigerians. Frederick Lugard, shortly before becoming High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria.[68]. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. Motivation for European conquest of the New World In the Northern Cameroons, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). The huge African continent (three times the size of the continental United States) was particularly vulnerable to European conquest. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909. Nigeria (Sokoto Caliphate inclusive) fell prey to the attacks. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. Many Muslims resorted to migration as a form of resistance, a tactic known as the hejira, in which those perceived as infidels are avoided. 11 Effects Of Colonialism In Nigeria - Information Guide in Nigeria The palm oil trade was also linked to the Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars, because many warriors recognized the importance of slaves not only as soldiers and producers of food to feed soldiers but additionally as producers of palm oil to trade for European dane guns and other goods. The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at Lancaster House in London in 1957 and 1958, which were presided over by The Rt. African Nationalism | South African History Online Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. There were some specific outcomes and impacts for Africans as a result of WWI. In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. Military Conquest. Therefore, other factors exist to explain the institutional design. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. Seven Years' War | The Canadian Encyclopedia On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. To raise additional revenues, Lugard took steps to institute a uniform tax structure patterned on the traditional system that he had adopted in the north during his tenure there. Accordingly, as the volume of trade increased, merchants requested that the Government of the United Kingdom appoint a consul to cover the region. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. In November 1908, Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. So, how did Europeans end up in Africa? The incidence of slavery in local societies increased. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. These seven factors led to the development of the slave trade: The importance of the West Indian colonies The shortage of labour The. In this way Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowtherborn in the Yoruba-inhabited area of Oshogbo and the first African ordained by the CMSwas able to establish mission stations at Onitsha, Lokoja, and Eggan and later at Brass and Bonny. Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates - HISTORY At the same time, George Dashwood Goldie, a British businessman, bought out all French rivals and created the Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886) in order to control trade on the Niger and administer the immense territories of the Sokoto caliphate and Borno. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. 979 Words. [31], In 1891, the consulate established the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or "Oil Rivers Irregulars".[32]. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Europeans come from Europe. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultan's capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by Shell and British Petroleum. The British wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel and export trade in tin, cotton, cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil and so on (Graham, 2009). PDF THE IMPLIATIONS OF RITISH OLONIAL EONOMI POLIIES ON NIGERIA'S - garph What are the factors that attracted the British to conquer India The conquest and colonization of the Nigerian territory stirring up nationalist sentiments among the few educated elements mostly foreign educated Africans and liberated slaves, and later African students in Britain. During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard (as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. "The Hidden Hand of Overrule: Political Agents and the Establishment of British Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria, 18861914". Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. Rather than seeing themselves as Zulu, Xhoasa, Sotho, etc, nationalist leaders wanted Africans to view themselves as South Africans. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85].
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